MongoDB 备份与恢复
1. 介绍¶
在Mongodb中我们使用mongodump命令来备份MongoDB数据。该命令可以导出所有数据到指定目录中。mongodump命令可以通过参数指定导出的数据量级转存的服务器。
2. mongodump¶
MongoDB中提供了mongostat 和 mongotop 两个命令来监控MongoDB的运行情况。
语法如下:
>mongodump -h dbhost -d dbname -o dbdirectory
参数解释
-h 指明数据库宿主机的IP --port 指明数据库的端口 -u 指明数据库的用户名 -p 指明数据库的密码 -d 指明数据库的名字 -c 指明collection的名字 -o 指明到要导出的文件名 -q 指明导出数据的过滤条件 --authenticationDatabase 验证数据的名称 --gzip 备份时压缩 --oplog use oplog for taking a point-in-time snapshot
快速命令
mkdir full # 全量备份 mkdir db_cmz # 单库备份 mkdir db_cmz_col # 库中表备份 mkdir db_cmz_gzip # 库备份压缩 mkdir db_cmz_gzip_col # 库中表备份压缩 mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -o ./full mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -o ./db_cmz/ mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col -o ./db_cmz_col mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -o ./db_cmz_gzip/ --gzip ongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col -o ./db_cmz_gzip_col/ --gzip
2.0 准备¶
[root@leco app]# mkdir full # 全量备份
[root@leco app]# mkdir db_cmz # 单库备份
[root@leco app]# mkdir db_cmz_col # 库中表备份
[root@leco app]# mkdir db_cmz_gzip # 库备份压缩
[root@leco app]# mkdir db_cmz_gzip_col # 库中表备份压缩
> use cmz
switched to db cmz
> show tables;
col
col2
col3
test
> db.col.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c76214dfec6d367f28a65db"), "title" : "Books 教程", "description" : "Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。", "by" : "cmz", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books", "tags" : [ "Java", "database", "web" ], "likes" : 200 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c76214dfec6d367f28a65dc"), "title" : "Books 教程", "description" : "Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言", "by" : "cmz", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books", "tags" : [ "Python", "database", "web" ], "likes" : 150 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c76214efec6d367f28a65dd"), "title" : "Books 教程", "description" : "MongoDB 是一个 Nosql 数据库", "by" : "cmz", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books", "tags" : [ "mongodb", "database", "NoSQL" ], "likes" : 100 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c7632efeb4ea775e2693743"), "description" : "Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c7632efeb4ea775e2693744"), "description" : "Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c7632efeb4ea775e2693745"), "description" : "MongoDB 是一个 Nosql 数据库", "url" : "https://caimengzhi.github.io/books" }
2.1 全库备份¶
[root@leco app]# mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -o ./full 2019-02-27T15:11:23.080+0800 writing admin.system.version to 2019-02-27T15:11:23.095+0800 done dumping admin.system.version (1 document) 2019-02-27T15:11:23.095+0800 writing cmz.col to 2019-02-27T15:11:23.095+0800 writing cmz.col2 to 2019-02-27T15:11:23.095+0800 writing cmz.test to 2019-02-27T15:11:23.095+0800 writing cmz.col3 to 2019-02-27T15:11:23.099+0800 done dumping cmz.col (6 documents) 2019-02-27T15:11:23.099+0800 done dumping cmz.col2 (5 documents) 2019-02-27T15:11:23.100+0800 done dumping cmz.test (1 document) 2019-02-27T15:11:23.100+0800 done dumping cmz.col3 (0 documents) [root@leco app]# ls ./full/ admin cmz
2.2 备份cmz库¶
[root@leco app]# mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -o ./db_cmz/ 2019-02-27T15:12:44.375+0800 writing cmz.col to 2019-02-27T15:12:44.377+0800 writing cmz.col2 to 2019-02-27T15:12:44.377+0800 writing cmz.test to 2019-02-27T15:12:44.378+0800 writing cmz.col3 to 2019-02-27T15:12:44.379+0800 done dumping cmz.col (6 documents) 2019-02-27T15:12:44.380+0800 done dumping cmz.col2 (5 documents) 2019-02-27T15:12:44.380+0800 done dumping cmz.test (1 document) 2019-02-27T15:12:44.381+0800 done dumping cmz.col3 (0 documents) [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz cmz [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz/cmz/ col2.bson col2.metadata.json col3.bson col3.metadata.json col.bson col.metadata.json test.bson test.metadata.json
2.3 备份cmz库下的col集合¶
[root@leco app]# mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col -o ./db_cmz_col 2019-02-27T15:13:15.706+0800 writing cmz.col to 2019-02-27T15:13:15.707+0800 done dumping cmz.col (6 documents) [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz db_cmz/ db_cmz_col/ db_cmz_gzip/ db_cmz_gzip_col/ [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz_col/ cmz [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz_col/cmz/ col.bson col.metadata.json
2.4 压缩备份库¶
[root@leco app]# mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -o ./db_cmz_gzip/ --gzip 2019-02-27T15:13:53.005+0800 writing cmz.col to 2019-02-27T15:13:53.005+0800 writing cmz.col2 to 2019-02-27T15:13:53.005+0800 writing cmz.test to 2019-02-27T15:13:53.005+0800 writing cmz.col3 to 2019-02-27T15:13:53.008+0800 done dumping cmz.col (6 documents) 2019-02-27T15:13:53.009+0800 done dumping cmz.col2 (5 documents) 2019-02-27T15:13:53.011+0800 done dumping cmz.test (1 document) 2019-02-27T15:13:53.012+0800 done dumping cmz.col3 (0 documents) [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz_gzip db_cmz_gzip/ db_cmz_gzip_col/ [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz_gzip/cmz/ col2.bson.gz col2.metadata.json.gz col3.bson.gz col3.metadata.json.gz col.bson.gz col.metadata.json.gz test.bson.gz test.metadata.json.gz
2.5 压缩备份单表¶
[root@leco app]# mongodump -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col -o ./db_cmz_gzip_col/ --gzip 2019-02-27T15:14:26.475+0800 writing cmz.col to 2019-02-27T15:14:26.476+0800 done dumping cmz.col (6 documents) [root@leco app]# ls db_cmz_gzip_col/cmz/ col.bson.gz col.metadata.json.gz
3. mongorestore¶
mongodb使用 mongorestore 命令来恢复备份的数据。
mongorestore -h <hostname><:port> -d dbname <path>
参数解释
--host <:port>, -h <:port>：ongoDB所在服务器地址，默认为： localhost:27017 -h 指明数据库宿主机的IP -u 指明数据库的用户名 -p 指明数据库的密码 -d 指明数据库的名字 -c 指明collection的名字 -o 指明到要导出的文件名 -q 指明导出数据的过滤条件 --authenticationDatabase 验证数据的名称 --gzip 备份时压缩 --oplog use oplog for taking a point-in-time snapshot --drop 恢复的时候把之前的集合drop掉
3.1 整个恢复¶
3.3.1 全库备份中恢复单库¶
[root@leco app]# mongorestore -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin --drop ./full 2019-02-27T15:16:24.608+0800 preparing collections to restore from 2019-02-27T15:16:24.656+0800 reading metadata for cmz.col from full/cmz/col.metadata.json 2019-02-27T15:16:24.661+0800 reading metadata for cmz.col3 from full/cmz/col3.metadata.json 2019-02-27T15:16:24.670+0800 reading metadata for cmz.test from full/cmz/test.metadata.json 2019-02-27T15:16:24.681+0800 reading metadata for cmz.col2 from full/cmz/col2.metadata.json 2019-02-27T15:16:24.707+0800 restoring cmz.col from full/cmz/col.bson 2019-02-27T15:16:24.724+0800 restoring cmz.col3 from full/cmz/col3.bson 2019-02-27T15:16:24.725+0800 no indexes to restore 2019-02-27T15:16:24.725+0800 finished restoring cmz.col3 (0 documents) 2019-02-27T15:16:24.741+0800 restoring cmz.test from full/cmz/test.bson 2019-02-27T15:16:24.756+0800 restoring cmz.col2 from full/cmz/col2.bson 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 no indexes to restore 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 finished restoring cmz.test (1 document) 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 no indexes to restore 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 finished restoring cmz.col (6 documents) 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 no indexes to restore 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 finished restoring cmz.col2 (5 documents) 2019-02-27T15:16:24.768+0800 done
4. mongoexport¶
Mongodb中的mongoexport工具可以把一个collection导出成JSON格式或CSV格式的文件。可以通过参数指定导出的数据项，也可以根据指定的条件导出数据。
mongoexport -h IP --port 端口 -u 用户名 -p 密码 -d 数据库 -c 表名 -f 字段 -q 条件导出 --csv -o 文件名
参数解释
-h 指明数据库宿主机的IP -u 指明数据库的用户名 -p 指明数据库的密码 -d 指明数据库的名字 -c 指明collection的名字 -f 指明要导出那些列，以逗号分割，-f uid,name,age导出uid,name,age这三个字段 -o 指明到要导出的文件名 -q 指明导出数据的过滤条件，-q '{ "uid" : "100" }' 导出uid为100的数据 --type 指定文件类型 --authenticationDatabase 验证数据的名称
4.1 导出整张表¶
[root@leco bak]# mongoexport -d cmz -c col -o ./col.dat
2019-02-27T14:26:12.934+0800 connected to: localhost
2019-02-27T14:26:12.952+0800 exported 3 records
[root@leco bak]# ls
admin cmz col.dat
[root@leco bak]# cat col.dat
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214dfec6d367f28a65db"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["Java","database","web"],"likes":200.0}
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214dfec6d367f28a65dc"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["Python","database","web"],"likes":150.0}
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214efec6d367f28a65dd"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"MongoDB 是一个 Nosql数据库","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["mongodb","database","NoSQL"],"likes":100.0}
4.2 导出表中部分字段¶
[root@leco bak]# mongoexport -d cmz -c col --csv -f description,tags,likes -o ./col.csv 2019-02-27T14:28:16.132+0800 csv flag is deprecated; please use --type=csv instead 2019-02-27T14:28:16.134+0800 connected to: localhost 2019-02-27T14:28:16.145+0800 exported 3 records [root@leco bak]# cat col.csv description,tags,likes Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。,"[""Java"",""database"",""web""]",200 Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言,"[""Python"",""database"",""web""]",150 MongoDB 是一个 Nosql 数据库,"[""mongodb"",""database"",""NoSQL""]",100
4.3 根据条件导出数据¶
[root@leco bak]# mongoexport -d cmz -c col -q '{likes:{$gt:150}}' -o ./col.json
2019-02-27T14:29:32.399+0800 connected to: localhost
2019-02-27T14:29:32.402+0800 exported 1 record
[root@leco bak]# cat col.json
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214dfec6d367f28a65db"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["Java","database","web"],"likes":200.0}
4.4 other¶
[root@leco back]# mongoexport -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col -o ./col.dat
2019-02-27T14:45:13.623+0800 connected to: 127.0.0.1:27017
2019-02-27T14:45:13.643+0800 exported 3 records
[root@leco back]# ls
col.dat
[root@leco back]# cat col.dat
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214dfec6d367f28a65db"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["Java","database","web"],"likes":200.0}
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214dfec6d367f28a65dc"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["Python","database","web"],"likes":150.0}
{"_id":{"$oid":"5c76214efec6d367f28a65dd"},"title":"Books 教程","description":"MongoDB 是一个 Nosql数据库","by":"cmz","url":"https://caimengzhi.github.io/books","tags":["mongodb","database","NoSQL"],"likes":100.0}
[root@leco back]# mongoexport -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col --type=csv -f description,url -o ./col_csv.dat
2019-02-27T14:47:01.048+0800 connected to: 127.0.0.1:27017
2019-02-27T14:47:01.059+0800 exported 3 records
[root@leco back]# cat col_csv.dat
description,url
Java 是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的高级程序设计语言。,https://caimengzhi.github.io/books
Python 语言是最近比较流行的语言,https://caimengzhi.github.io/books
MongoDB 是一个 Nosql 数据库,https://caimengzhi.github.io/books
5. mongoimport¶
Mongodb中的mongoimport工具可以把一个特定格式文件中的内容导入到指定的collection中。该工具可以导入JSON格式数据，也可以导入CSV格式数据。
参数解释
-h 指明数据库宿主机的IP -u 指明数据库的用户名 -p 指明数据库的密码 -d 指明数据库的名字 -c 指明collection的名字 -f 指明要导出那些列 -o 指明到要导出的文件名 -q 指明导出数据的过滤条件 --drop 插入之前先删除原有的 --headerline 指明第一行是列名，不需要导入。 -j 同时运行的插入操作数（默认为1），并行 --authenticationDatabase 验证数据的名称
5.1 恢复导出的表数据¶
[root@leco back]# mongoimport -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col --drop ./col.dat 2019-02-27T14:48:38.415+0800 connected to: 127.0.0.1:27017 2019-02-27T14:48:38.416+0800 dropping: cmz.col 2019-02-27T14:48:38.497+0800 imported 3 documents
5.2 部分字段的表数据导入¶
mongoimport -d cmz -c col --upsertFields description,tags,likes ./col.dat
5.3 恢复csv文件¶
[root@leco back]# mongoimport -h 127.0.0.1:27017 --authenticationDatabase admin -d cmz -c col --type=csv --headerline --file ./col_csv.dat 2019-02-27T14:49:19.561+0800 connected to: 127.0.0.1:27017 2019-02-27T14:49:19.563+0800 imported 3 documents